Classical activation of macrophages and vardenafil

Recruitment and Activation of Macrophages

Serum of patients with Behçet's disease induces classical (pro-inflammatory) activation of human macrophages in vitro.

BACKGROUND Although several immunological abnormalities have been demonstrated in Behçet's disease (BD), the exact mechanism of the inflammatory changes occurring is still unknown. Antigen-presenting cells, such as mononuclear phagocytes, play a major role in the regulation of immune-mediated as well as of non-specific inflammation. OBJECTIVE To investigate the serum activity of patients with...

Polarized Activation of Macrophages

The fi rst line of defense against pathogens is constituted by the innate immune system. Several recent evidences also indicate innate immunity receptors as primary sensors of tissue damage and metabolic disorders (Medzhitov 2008 ; Verbist et al. 2013 ). The innate immune system comprises a cellular and a humoral arm. Mononuclear phagocytes such as macrophages belong to the cellular arm of inna...

Enforced Expression of Hoxa3 Inhibits Classical and Promotes Alternative Activation of Macrophages In Vitro and In Vivo

The regulated differentiation of macrophages (mφs) and their subsequent activation into proinflammatory or prohealing subtypes is critical for efficient wound healing. Chronic wounds such as diabetic (db) ulcers are associated with dysregulation of macrophage function. Whereas non-db mφs polarize to an M2-like, prohealing phenotype during the late stages of healing, db-derived mφs continue to d...

MAP kinase activation in macrophages.

Stimulation of macrophages by a variety of agents causes activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Activation of MAPKs by lipopolysaccharide involves CD14 and Toll receptors. Subsequent steps still remain to be explored. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced activation of MAPKs has been shown to involve the death domain proteins (TRADD, FADD, MADD) and TRAFs. Other mole...